Setting
Related music & arts
Kind of evidence
Intervention studies
Review extent
Selected sections reviewed

What was studied

A nonrandomized comparison of piano learners with people in other leisure activities; 13 piano participants and 16 controls remained after withdrawals and exclusions.

What it contributes

Selected outcomes favored piano, several comparisons were null, and depression symptoms decreased in both groups.

Where the evidence stops

Volunteer selection, unequal attrition, a nonblinded assessor and varied comparison activities limit causal interpretation. The full results tables remain to be audited, and dementia was not an outcome.

About this review

The methods and discussion were examined, but the full results tables have not been audited.

Source note updated September 7, 2026. Read our approach to evidence.

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