Setting
Related music & arts
Kind of evidence
Intervention studies
Review extent
Selected sections reviewed

What was studied

Six-month imaging analyses involving 132 participants from a trial comparing piano instruction and music-culture classes.

What it contributes

Pooling the programs identified selected regional and memory changes, without a whole-brain between-group difference.

Where the evidence stops

Both groups received music activity, so the design cannot separate effects of music from other shared experiences. This paper uses the same trial family as several other records.

Related research

One piano and music-culture trial, several outcomes

These papers report different outcomes or subsets from the Swiss-German trial registered as NCT03674931. Sample sizes change with the measure and follow-up. They must not be counted as five independent trials.

See the linked records

About this review

This is a targeted review of selected sections. The record should not be read as an appraisal of the entire work.

Source note updated September 7, 2026. Read our approach to evidence.

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