Setting
Related music & arts
Kind of evidence
Intervention studies
Review extent
Selected sections reviewed

What was studied

Behavioral analyses from a trial of 156 older adults, with 136 contributing MRI data, comparing piano and music-culture programs.

What it contributes

Some fine-motor performance improved, with associations between motor development and other measures.

Where the evidence stops

An association between changes does not establish the mechanism causing them. Pandemic disruption affected the study, and the participants overlap with other papers from the same trial.

Related research

One piano and music-culture trial, several outcomes

These papers report different outcomes or subsets from the Swiss-German trial registered as NCT03674931. Sample sizes change with the measure and follow-up. They must not be counted as five independent trials.

See the linked records

About this review

This is a targeted review of selected sections. The record should not be read as an appraisal of the entire work.

Source note updated September 7, 2026. Read our approach to evidence.

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