Setting
Related music & arts
Kind of evidence
Intervention studies
Review extent
Selected sections reviewed

What was studied

Six-month outcomes from a trial of 156 retired adults comparing piano instruction with an active music-culture program.

What it contributes

Both programs improved some binaural listening results. Piano-related changes varied by site, ear and sex.

Where the evidence stops

There was no nonmusic comparison group, and the findings do not establish a universal piano advantage. This is one outcome paper from a shared trial, not an independent replication.

Related research

One piano and music-culture trial, several outcomes

These papers report different outcomes or subsets from the Swiss-German trial registered as NCT03674931. Sample sizes change with the measure and follow-up. They must not be counted as five independent trials.

See the linked records

About this review

This is a targeted review of selected sections. The record should not be read as an appraisal of the entire work.

Source note updated September 7, 2026. Read our approach to evidence.

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